Convergence in income inequality: differences between advanced and developing countries

It is shown that convergence in inequality has been significantly slower amongst developing countries.

Entropy current for the relativistic Kadanoff-Baym equation and H-theorem in O(N)O(N) theory with NLO self-energy of 1/N1/N expansion

We derive an expression of the kinetic entropy current in the nonequilibrium $O(N)$ scalar theory from the Schwinger-Dyson (Kadanoff-Baym) equation with the 1st order gradient expansion. We show that our kinetic entropy satisfies the H-theorem for the leading order of the gradient expansion with the next-to-leading order self-energy of the $1/N$ expansion in the symmetric phase, and that entropy production occurs as the Green's function evolves with an nonzero collision term. Entropy production stops at local thermal equilibrium where the collision term contribution vanishes and the maximal entropy state is realized. Next we also compare our entropy density with that in thermal equilibrium which is given from thermodynamic potential or equivalently 2 particle irreducible effective action. We find that our entropy density corresponds to that in thermal equilibrium with the next-to-leading order skeletons of the $1/N$ expansion if skeletons with energy denominators in momentum integral can be regularized appropriately. We have a possibility that memory correction terms remain in entropy current if not regularized.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure

Histochemical studies on the red, white and intermediate muscle fibers of some skeletal muscles. Ⅲ. Histochemical demonstration of oxidative enzymes, phosphorylase and glycogen in respiratory muscle fibers

1) Three different types of muscle fibers were clearly distinguished in the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm of human, cat and rat by histochemical demonstration of oxidative enzymes, phosphorylase and glycogen. 2) The intercostal muscles and diaphragm each presented dissimilar patterns of the muscle fibers. The diaphragm did not show any definite correlation between the diameter and the histochemical reaction of muscle fibers but its red fibers indicated a more intense uptake of Nitro-BT formazan deposits in the subsarcolemmal region. In this conection, the relationship between the motor innervation and histochemical evaluation of the diaphragm was described. 3) Phosphorylase and glycogen showed reciprocal reactions to the oxidative enzyme activity. They were generally high in large fibers but low in small fibers, and moderate in intermediate fibers.</p

Histochemical studies on the red, white and intermediate muscle fibers of some skeletal muscles. I. Succinic dehydrogenase activity and physiological function of intercostal muscle fibers

From the histochemical study of the intercostal muscles of cat, the following results were obtained. 1. Three different types of muscle fibers have been clearly distinguished in intercostal muscles by histochemical demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase; namely, the white fibers are stained faintly, while the red fibers deep blue and the intermediate fibers purple or bluish purple. 2. The difference in these stains is due to the degree of the enzyme activity, i. e., the areas of high SDH activity are stained deep blue while those of relatively low SDH activity are stained purple. 3. At oil immersion magnification, the differences among the three types of fibers are clearly distinguishable by the amount, size, distribution pattern and subsarcolemmal precipitation of Nitro-BT formazan particles. 4. Concerning the spatial distribution of these three types of fibers in each intercostal muscle, the muscles in the cranial and caudal parts of thorax (I-IV, VIII-XII) show a higher proportion of red fibers, while those in the middle thorax show a higher proportion of white fibers. 5. The vertebral portion of the first internal intercostal muscle is composed of only two types of fibers, red and intermediate ones, and their diameters are almost the same in size as in soleus muscle. In the middle intercostal muscle (V-VII), an intimate relationship can clearly be observed between the size and the enzyme activity of muscle fibers as in the gastrocnemius muscle. 6. In comparison with the anatomy of thorax and the distribution of muscle fibers, it may be presumed that there is a close relationship between the distribution and the scope of thorax movements, however, no definite relation between the distribution pattern and respiratory participation of muscle fibers. 7. Hence, it appears that the intercostal muscles in the cranial and caudal parts of thorax perform original respiratory movements, while the muscles in the middle thorax mainly perform voluntary respiratory movements, perhaps display their function during forced breathing. The intermediate fibers may usually have some tonus and carry out the role of resisting ribs from falling inside by negative pressure of the thoracic cavity.</p

Histochemical studies on the red, white and intermediate muscle fibers of some skeletal mescles. II. The capillary distribution on three types of fibers of some skeletal muscles

From the histochemical study on the vascular distribution of limb muscles of cats and rats, the following results were obtained. 1. The red, white and intermediate fibers of the soleus and gastrocnemius individually present dissimilar patterns of the vascular distribution. In the transverse section of the muscle, most of the capillaries are found preferentially assembled around the small red fiber. Usually the red fibers are supplied with 4-6 capillaries, while the intermediate fibers 3-4 capillaries and the white 1-2 capillaries. 2. In the longitudinal section, the capillaries run parallel with the muscle fiber. Occasionally, these capillaries branching out for anastomoses cross the fiber almost at right angle. These anastomoses are more frequently observed on the red fibers. 3. The soleus muscle is better supplied with capillaries than is the gastrocnemius, because this muscle is composed only of two types of capillary rich fibers, namely, the red and intermediate fibers. 4. The mean capillary-fiber ratio of the cat gastrocnemius proves to be 0.6 and that of the soleus 1.4. 5. From these observations, it is considered that there is an intimate relationship between the capillary distribution pattern and the type of individual muscle fibers. 6. The red fibers being with a high oxidative enzyme activity and rich in mitochondria may require an abundant supply of oxygen and have a greater number of capillaries. In contrast to this, the white fibers with a lower enzyme activity and a fewer mitochondria need not to consume so much oxygen and are supplied with a fewer capillaries, because they participate only in phasic contraction. The intermediate fibers, with a moderate enzyme activity, may be considered to have a moderate number of capillaries.</p

An allometric smoothing function to describe the relation between otolith and somatic growth over the lifespan of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

We propose a new equation to describe the relation between otolith length (OL) and somatic length (fork length [FL]) of fish for the entire lifespan of the fish. The equation was developed by applying a mathematical smoothing method based on an allometric equation with a constant term for walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) —a species that shows an extended longevity (>20 years). The most appropriate equation for defining the relation between OL and FL was a four-phase allometric smoothing function with three inflection points. The inflection points correspond to the timing of settlement of walleye pollock, changes in sexual maturity, and direction of otolith growth. Allometric smoothing functions describing the relation between short otolith radius and FL, long otolith radius and FL, and FL and body weight were also developed. The proposed allometric smoothing functions cover the entire lifespan of walleye pollock. We term these equations “allometric smoothing functions for otolith and somatic growth over the lifespan of walleye pollock.

Histochemical demonstration of three types of muscle fibers of the intercostal muscles. A study on oxidative enzymes

Since the classic work of Ranvier, it is well known that the mammalian striated muscle is composed of two types of muscle fibers, i. e., the red and white muscle fibers. In the previous paper1 it has been reported that the limb muscle fibers of mammals can be divided into three types from their activities of the histochemically demonstrable oxidative enzymes. Namely, the small red muscle fibers had a higher activity of oxidative enzymes, the large white muscle fibers a lower activity and the third type of muscle fibers being called &#34;medium fiber&#34; or &#34;intermediate fiber&#34; showed an intermediate activity between those of the red and white muscle fibers.</p

Severe Gummy Smile with Class II Malocclusion Treated with LeFort I Osteotomy Combined with Horseshoe Osteotomy and Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy

In this article, we report the successful surgical treatment of a patient, 34 years of age, who had a severe gummy smile and a class II malocclusion. The patient had an 11-mm gingival exposure during full smile and a convex profile. A LeFort I osteotomy combined with a horseshoe osteotomy was used for the superior repositioning of the maxilla;then, an intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) and genioplasty were performed for mandibular advancement. The maxilla was acceptably impacted 8mm at the first incisor and 5mm at the first molar. Both the occlusion and facial appearance were significantly improved by this surgical-orthodontic treatment. Our results suggest that the combination of a horseshoe osteotomy with a LeFort I osteotomy is a useful technique for reliable superior repositioning of the maxilla

Histochemical observation on the enzyme activities of human myocardium

Recently, by histochemical observations the changed activities of the enzymes of heartr,nuscle in experimentally induced ischemia have been reported by several investigatorsl~4. SHNITKA and NACHLAS4 demonstrated that the ligation of coronal artery of dog heart induced an increase in the activities of succinic dehydrogenase and NAD-diaphorase four to six hours after the ligation. However, extracorporeal circulation induced no distinct changes in the activities of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase as has been revealed quite recently by BJORK and associate5 from their histochemical studies of the specimen from left ventricular myocardium by a method of drill biopsy, but only the myocardial edema and fibrosis ocurred. This report deals with the distribution and activities of oxidative enzymes of human myocardium of fortyone cases of congenital heart disease and four cases of mitral stenosis and two controls, the specimen of which were obtained at the surgical operation. The purpose is to confirm the damaging effect of occlusion of blood flow in surgical operation on muscle fiber.</p